Q & A about Kidney (Part 2)

Q: Why kidney is expensive?

A:  According to organization of American Kidney Fund, nearly 100,000 people are on the waiting list for a kidney transplant. Many more people are waiting for a kidney than for all other organs combined. Unfortunately, the number of people waiting for kidneys is much larger than the number of available kidneys from living and deceased donors. So, just like economy balance, if the demand is larger than supply, the cost of product will increase. Thats why the kidney cost is expensive.

Q: Why does our urine bleeding if our kidney damage?

A: Kidney function in filtering blood from waste product. These blood enter to kidney through artery, we called it by renal artery. If our kidney damage, the blood will not be well filtered and thus we find the blood in our urine.

Q : What causes kidney stone?

A: Firstly, we have to know what the kidney stone is. Kidney stones or renal calculi is condition of urine that contains more crystal of calcium, oxalate and uric acid than the fluid. There are many factors causes kidney stone. 1) Dietary factors, high doses of vitamin D, intestinal bypass surgery and several metabolic disorders can increase the concentration of calcium or oxalate in urine. 2) infection in urinary tract, 3) lose too much fluid because of chronic diarrhea or malabsorption.

Q: How did the kidney work if there is just 1 kidney, did they work as same as the kidney was complete?

A: Yes it is. One kidney can filter enough blood to keep our body functioning normally. This is why we can survive and be healthy with only one kidney. But there is also risk. If we have two kidneys, we will be safetier than have only one. Because if someday, one of our kidney is damage, we still have another to compensate.

Q: What is the function of renal pyramid?

A: Renal pyramid contain nephrons which are function in filtration process.

Q: what are the diseases that can attack the renal pelvis?

A: It is Pyelonephritis. Pyelonephritis is  infection and inflammation of the kidney tissue and the renal pelvis (the cavity formed by the expansion of the upper end of the ureter, the tube that conveys urine to the bladder). The infection is usually bacterial.

Kidney Check

Are you ready for the final exam? Lets check

1. A layer of tissue that are located deeper within the renal pyramids of the medulla is called..

Renal Calyx
Renal Pelvis
Renal Cortex
Renal Medulla


2. Inner region of the kidney is called..

Renal Pelvis
Renal Calyx
Renal Cortex
Renal Medulla


3. Concave part of the bean-shape where blood vessels and nerves enter and exit the kidney is called.

Nephrons
Hilum
Renal Cortex
Ureter


4. Renal pyramid is part of

Renal Pelvis
Renal Medulla
Renal Calyx
Renal Cortex


5. ... is filtering units that located in renal pyramid

Blood vessels
Nephrons
Ureter
Nerve fiber

Seminar Dampak Covid-19 pada Pendidikan Nasional

Dampak COVID-19 Pada Pendidikan Nasional dan Strategi KEMENDIKBUD Serta Pemodelan di Negara Lain, 12 Mei 2020

Seminar online ini diadakan oleh Kopertip Indonesia, menghadirkan sejumlah narasumber, yaitu Bapak Mentri Nadiem Makarim (Diwakilkan oleh Bapak Dirjen Dikti, Prof.Nizam); Ibu Anggota Komisi X DPR RI,  Ledia Hanifa Amalia; Bapak Koordinator SEAMEO Center Indonesia, Gatot Hari Priowirjanto dan Bapak Kaprodi DKV-FSRD ITB, Intan Rizky Mutiaz. Pembahasan seminar, sesuai dengan judulnya, fokus pada “apa dan bagaimana”pendidikan berperan dalam masa pandemi COVID-19.

Pembelajaran online memang menjadi tantangan di masa seperti ini. Kendalanya bukan hanya ketidak merataan jangkauan sinyal internet di remote area, namun juga kemampuan pendidik dalam menyediakan bahan ajar dan metode mengajar yang sesuai dengan konsep ‘merdeka belajar’ala mas mentri. Berkaitan dengan hal ini, KEMDIKBUD telah melakukan sejumlah langkah strategis (Gambar 1).

Gambar 1

Hal menarik dari langkah strategis ini adalah penerapan kampus merdeka, khususnya poin tentang “mahasiswa berhak belajar diluar prodi” telah tampak nyata.  Ini dapat dilihat dari langkah strategis nomor 5 dan 6, yaitu mahasiswa terlibat dalam kegiatan kesuka relawanan dan pengabdian masyarakat dalam bentuk pembuatan alat medis. Faktanya, mahasiswa Indonesia mampu menciptakan alat bantu medis dalam waktu yang singkat dan mendesak (Gambar 2). Kegiatan ini dihargai sejumlah sks mata kuliah yang sesuai.  

Gambar 2

Selain itu, pembelajaran masa pandemi juga menghasilkan kesadaran, baik pendidik maupun peserta didik dalam memanfaatkan teknologi. SEAMEO, sebagai lembaga pembelajaran jarak jauh, telah berusaha memperkenalkan metode belajar daring sebelum adanya pandemi, namun tidak memperoleh respon maksimal. Setelah pandemi, justru mengalami peningkatan.

Namun tentu saja, pembelajaran daring dari jarak jauh ini bukan sesuatu hal yang mudah. Daring bukan berarti memindahkan materi menjadi bentuk Power Point ataupun modul yang dishare saja, ataupun memindahkan aktivitas tanya jawab menjadi chatting saja. Pak Prof. Nizam menjelaskan bahwa pembelajaran daring yang sesungguhnya membutuhkan banyak resources. Seperti, modul yang disediakan harus dibuat singkat (materinya dibagi- bagi) agar pembaca atau peserta didik tidak lelah dengan cakupan materi yang banyak, juga dibutuhkan  adanya assesmen yang jelas pengukurannya dan tercantum dalam rencana pembelajaran, hasil dari assesmen ini adalah feedback dalam bentuk tertulis sehingga dapat dipahami. Mentor atau tutor juga harus stand by 24 jam dalam 7 hari seminggu untuk memberikan pengajaran, baik menjawab pertanyaan maupun diskusi. Sehingga pembelajaran daring ini bisa mencapai tujuan pembelajaran.

Apakah pasca Covid-19, pembelajaran daring akan dilanjutkan?

Berdasarkan survey yang dilakukan KEMENDIKBUD, pembelajaran fisik masih jauh lebih baik daripada sistem daring. Oleh karena itu, pembelajaran bisa saja dilakukan secara blended learning atau mengkombinasikan antara pembelajaran fisik (tatap muka) dan daring.

Q & A about Kidney

Q: What is the function of Renal Pelvis

A: Renal pelvis function as funnel, collecting the urine produced in the kidney and leading to ureter.

Q: What causes damage to kidneys?

A: They are diabetes (also called Type 2, or adult onset diabetes),  high blood pressure, infections, kidney stones and inherited diseases such as polycystic kidney disease.

Q: How does kidney work?

A: Kidneys work by 3 steps (Urinary process). These steps occur in Nephrons (inside part of renal phyramid). The steps are 1) Filtration, 2) Reabsorption, 3) Augmentation.

1) Filtration

Blood flows inside glomerulus. All small volume solutes, such as urea, uric acid, amino acids, hormones, glucose, ions, vitamins and water are filtered out and enter the Bowman’s capsule. The product of this filtration process is called glomerular filtrate. Its volume is 125 ml/min (180 liters/day).

2) Reabsroption

The glomerular filtrate then passes into proximal tubule. What are they reabsorb? They reabsorb all the usefull components, such as glucose, amino acids, vitamin C, calcium, potassium, sodium, chloride, bicarbonate and water (75%).

3) Augmentation

This step occur in distal tubule. It removes all the waster product from blood, such as urea, uric acid, creatinine.

Organ System (Part 3)

5. Endocrine System

The endocrine system is made up of glands. The major glands of the endocrine system are the hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroids, adrenals, pineal body, pancreas and the reproductive organs (ovaries and testes).

Endocrine system function

Glands of endocrine system  produce and secrete hormones. What is hormone? Hormone is chemical substances produced in the body that regulate the activity of cells or organs. These hormones regulate the body's growth, metabolism (the physical and chemical processes of the body), and sexual development and function. The hormones are released into the bloodstream and may affect one or several organs throughout the body [1].

Do you know, our happiness is controlled by four hormones. They are  DOSE [2]:

     Dopamine
     Oxytocin
     Serotonin
     Endorphins

Dopamine “Happy hormone”

Dopamine produced by hypothalamus gland. Dopamine is released when your brain is expecting a reward. When you do pleasure activity,  such as eat certain food, shopping, or just about anything else that you enjoy, dopamine will release and makes you happy[3].

Oxytocin “Love Hormone”

Oxytocin is produced in the hypothalamus. Oxytocin is a hormone and a neurotransmitter that is involved in childbirth and breast-feeding. It is also associated with empathy, trust, sexual activity, and relationship-building. It is sometimes referred to as the “love hormone,” because levels of oxytocin increase during hugging. Females usually have higher levels of  Oxytocin than males [4].

Serotonin “Happy –full hormone”

Serotonin is produced in the intestines and the brain. Serotonin is a chemical that has a wide variety of functions in the human body. It is sometimes called the happy chemical, because it contributes to wellbeing and happiness. 80 percent of serotonin exists in the gut. If your stomach is full, you will be happy and it is caused by Serotonin hormone releasing.

Endorphins “Feel-good hormone”

Endorphins are primarily made in the hypothalamus and pituitary glands. Endorphins are chemicals produced naturally by the nervous system to cope with pain or stress. They are often called “feel-good” chemicals because they can act as a pain reliever and happiness booster.

6. Cardiovascular System

The cardiovascular system also called by transport system of the body. This system has three main organs: the heart, the blood vessel and the blood itself. Responsible for transporting oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and cellular waste products throughout the body, the cardiovascular system is powered by the body’s hardest-working organ — the heart, which is only about the size of a closed fist. Even at rest, the average heart easily pumps over 5 liters of blood throughout the body every minute.

The cardiovascular system functions

Transportation

The cardiovascular system transports blood to almost all of the body’s tissues. The blood delivers essential nutrients and oxygen and removes wastes and carbon dioxide to be processed or removed from the body. Hormones are transported throughout the body via the blood’s liquid plasma.

Protection

 The cardiovascular system protects the body through its white blood cells. White blood cells clean up cellular debris and fight pathogens that have entered the body. Platelets and red blood cells form scabs to seal wounds and prevent pathogens from entering the body and liquids from leaking out.

Regulation

The cardiovascular system is instrumental in the body’s ability to maintain homeostatic control of several internal conditions. Blood vessels help maintain a stable body temperature by controlling the blood flow to the surface of the skin. Blood vessels near the skin’s surface open during times of overheating to allow hot blood to dump its heat into the body’s surroundings [5].

Do you know, there is heart disease called by heart failure. What is that? Heart failure is a condition in which the heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet the body’s needs. The heart doesn’t stop beating, as happens in a cardiac arrest, but rather weakens so that it is unable to pump out all the blood that enters in chambers, either due to weakness or stiffness of heart muscle.

The study, published on May 2, has found that heart failure patients in India had one of the highest mortality rates after one year of diagnosis at 23%. This was more than mortality rates of patients in Southeast Asia (15%), China (7%), South America (9%) and West Asia (9%). Only patients from countries in Africa had a higher mortality rate at 34%. The study also highlighted that heart failure patients in India, Africa and Southeast Asia were approximately 10 years younger than patients in the U.S. and Europe [6].

What is difference between heart failure and heart (Cardiac) arrest? 

Organ System in Human (Part 2)

Lets continue our lesson.. Today we will discuss skeletal system, muscular system and nervous system. 

Organ System in Human

We have learnt about organ. Do you still remember what the organ is? Yap, Organ is a group of tissues that work together to perform a specific function. Now, we will discuss about organ system. What is Organ System? Organ means organ, you know. System means mechanism or an interconnecting network. So, organ system is different organs that work together to perform a common function.

Look at the Figure 1 below. Organ system is composed by different organs.  

 Figure 1

We human have 11 organ system in our body. What are they?

1. Integumentary System

2. Skeletal System

3. Muscular System

4. Nervous System

5. Endocrine System

6. Cardiovascular System

7. Lymphatic System

8. Respiratory System

9. Digestive System

10. Urinary System

11. Male and Female Reproductive Systems

Today, we will learn about Integumentary system

1. Integumentary system

Integumantary system composed by organs: skin, hair, and nails. The skin is the largest organ in the body. Do you know how large it is? It  has surface area between 1.5-2.0 square meters or equal to table of tennis [1]. Wooow..

Integumentary system functions in [2]

• Protection

Means it encloses and protects the body against pathogens and UV

• Temperature maintenance

Means it helps regulate body temperature by sweating

• Synthesis and storage of nutrients

Means it keep the fat in under the skin, produces vitamin D3. Vitamin D is sometimes called the “sunshine vitamin” because it’s produced in your skin in response to sunlight. Your body produces vitamin D naturally when it’s directly exposed to sunlight. Oh there is a interesting fact about vitamin D. Research has shown that vitamin D might play an important role in regulating mood and warding off depression. In one study, scientists found that people with depression who received vitamin D supplements noticed an improvement in their symptoms.[3]

• Sensory reception

Means it makes us can feel the touch

• Excretion and secretion

Means it produce sweat to regulate body temperature and eliminate wastes

okey can you describe